Role Of Public Health Practitioner

Role Of populace wellnessyness practicianThe source seeks to critically analyse the percentage of the unrestricted headspringness practitioner in gen datel, winning into consideration the period socio-political context, the knowledge and skills needed for the role, challenges that exists in fulfilling the prevalent surfaceness role and the go ones. In the second part of this earn, the source has chosen an initiative and exit critically appraise how well the set initiative meets the criteria for good exoteric wellness. Public wellness skills and compe decenniumcies will be identify and discussed in this initiative including wellness furtherance theories and onslaughtes. See Appendix-1.The humankind Practitioner role, knowledge and skillsThe writer has found it appropriate to set out by defining national health though at that place argon many definitions. The Public wellness Resources Unit (2008) state that the purpose of human race health is to Improve health and population wellbeing complaint prevention and inform its consequences prolong valued life and health inequalities reduction (PHRU, 2008).PHRU states that all these sack up be achieved finished taking a population perspective mobilising the unionized efforts of society and acting as an public health advocate modify mint and communities to increase their stimulate health and wellbeing acting on the soci commensurate, economic, environ mental and biological determinants of health and wellbeing protecting from and minimising the tinct of the health risks to the population and ensuring that preventive, treatment and cargon returns are of high pure tone certainty-based and of best value (PHRU, 2008).Public health as defined by Webster and French in (Tones Tilford, 2001) comprise of three aspects which are population-level health forwarding the epidemiological analysis and health professional trained in medicine. Naidoo and Willis (2000 p. 181) looks at public hea lth being characterised by several factors and embraces three domains the health promotion of the whole population, health protection-a concern for the prevention of illness and disease and health serve well repairment-a recognition of the many factors that contribute to healthThe public health practitioners have autonomy on specified areas and continually own drill area and instigate others to understand it and practitioners are likely to work in multi-agency and multi-disciplinary environment, whereas general practitioners work as a part of a larger team led by close toone working at a higher level (PHRU, 2008). An approach to public health is draw by the Faculty of Public (2000) with emphasis on the collective province for breakment in health and prevention of disease recognizes the key role of the state, linked to a concern for the cardinal socio-economic and wider determinants of health as well as disease. This approach is multi-disciplinary, incorporating quantitativ e as well as soft methods emphasizes partnerships with all those who contribute to the health of the population (FPH, 2000).Sir Donald Acheson, (1988) defines public health as the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting, protecting and improving health by dint of and through the organised efforts of society. He also describes the role as planning and military rating of services as well as undertaking the surveillance of disease and co-ordinating the control of communicable diseases and public practitioner provide epidemiological advice on priority setting. Naidoo and Willis (1998) states that this will include public health practitioner skills for pillow slip talk, planning, networking, management and the use of research based evidence.A public health practitioner is identified by Naidoo and Willis (2001) and Donaldson and Donaldson (2006) as a trained psyche with a role to make people and the environment healthier, to carry fall out researches, to advocate and work cooperatively with the fellowship on identified projects. The public practitioner is required to implement health initiative by the organisation that are offered at improving health inequalities in society. Naidoo and Willis (2008) also points out that on that point are three principles that underpins the health practitioner for example empowerment, participation, equity and collaborative working which concurs with World wellness organization (WHO, 1986). Reducing health inequalities is a priority and all health professionals have a role to bid in the targeting of individuals whose health perspective is below average, or who may non access current health services for a variety of reasons.The 10 division NHS Plan (DOH, 2000) set a new statutory documental for NHS to allocate resources to contribute to a reduction in health status. Public health practitioners work to increase individual knowledge concerning the body authority and ways of preventing illne ss, raising competence using health care organization and awareness about political and environmental factors that regularize health. residential area mental object can be built by increasing their abilities to participate in promoting their health.The brass White Paper, relieve Lives (DOH, 1999) on public health schema for England first response to Acheson Report set a national agenda for perform to dishonor health inequalities for example it gave a commitment to meet on living standards and tackling poverty, child poverty in particular, pre-school culture, employment as a poverty way out, transport, urban regeneration, crime reduction and hold improvement for disadvantaged areas, as well as preventative activities through a streng accordinglyed public health workforce (Hogstedt et al, 2008).The regimens strategy in Our Healthier Nation in Department of Health 1999a is to ensure that the public health labour force was knowledgeable and skilled, well staffed and resource fully supplied to bed with major task of delivering health strategies. Health professionals with their knowledge and skills are pass judgment to play a part in meeting the aims set in the White Paper (DOH, 1999). Public health practitioner skills includes acting as leaders knowledgeable and quipped to manage strategic change and working in partnership with other agencies, counseling on health promotion for union development, familiarising with public concepts and use evidence in guiding work were appropriate.Socio-Political ContextDonaldson and Donaldson (2006) states that in the UK in 1980s there were serious failures in the standards of care which was provided in public health. Communities before were seen as passive recipients of service and service users were not valued according to McKnight (1998) in (Gorin and Arnold, 1998). Naidoo and Willis (1998 p. 9) states that modern public health acknowledges the importance of living conditions to promote health, action on health in equalities, physical and social regeneration of neighbourhoods, development of healthy public form _or_ system of giving medication on food, transport and the workplace.Public health system lacked sufficient hospital beds, staff, buildings and equipment (Tones and Tilford, 2006). check to Naidoo and Willis (2001) the public health movement put outd with the noble idea of educating the public for good health. Under the Public Health Legislation of 1848 public health workers were appointed to regularly publicize health advice on uninjuredguards against contamination. It was noted that there was a rise of the sanitary reform in which the local government focus on environmental issues.The National Health Service and Community Care Act (1990) was introduced which was a significant piece of public health legislation which brought changes in the way health services was delivered, which includes massive plosive consonant of health care institutions and people were cared for in the c ommunity (Donaldson and Donaldson, 2006). Naidoo and Willis (2006) notes the publication of Health of the Nation (1992) strategy which targeted five key areas which includes coronary heart disease, cancer, mental health, sexual health and accidents. However Donaldson and Donaldson (2006) pointed out that Personal Hygiene era noted that the main campaigns of death and disability shifted from infections to chronic illnesses, such as heart diseases, stroke, cancers, respiratory illness and accidents where lifestyles play a causative role. some other role of the public health practitioner is to promote and protect individuals and the wider populations health and wellbeing by preventing the spread of infectious diseases and protection against chemical radiation syndrome or other hazards. Lifestyle changes such as stop smoking, dampen nutrition and to a greater extent physical activities can improve health and reduce the burden of diseases like obesity, coronary heart disease and canc er. Naidoo and Wills (2001), state that the discourse of the public health practitioner was health education with an emphasis on individual behaviour. The Public Health Act of 1994 focused on housing, sanitation, safe water and food.Ewles and Simnet (2001) states that public health was introduced by the New Labour fellowship in 1997 matching with same principles as World Health Organisation adopting similar policies to the Jakarta (1997) declaration with emphasis on infrastructure and investment, with empowering the service user to make inform choices.The Minister of Public Health was then introduced in 1997 (Donaldson and Donaldson, 2006) which led to the creation of Health Development Agency in (1998) with the aim of maintaining and publicizing evidence based for health improvement and advising on standards for public health and health promotion carrying out campaigns in do-gooder to the formation of public health observatories which were linked with universities in entrap to admonisher health and highlight areas of action and evaluating progress by local agencies with the aim to improve health and reduce inequality.Naidoo and Willis (2000, p. 139) also states that the New Labour government created a Minister for Public Health in 1997 with a business to co-ordinate health insurance across different sectors and highlight the impact of different policies. New reforms were also introduced in The New NHS-Modern, Dependable (DoH, 1997) with aspiration to replace the internal market with integrated care led by primary care groups of General Practitioners and community nurses whose responsibilities are commissioning and providing health care services for their local population. The New Public Health was introduced focusing on heath promotion and education using the bottom-up approach and focusing on public health rather than acute services.Tones and Tilford (2001) cites the Acheson research which raised concerns regarding critical inequalities in health th at in society the blister off are more ill and die earlier resulting to thou Paper (2003) with aims to reduce health inequalities. Three areas were prioritised by the report in relation to health inequalities, assessment of all relevant policies, for example the health of families with children and further reduction of income inequalities and poverty.The Department of Health (2003) Tackling Health Inequalities 3 year course was set up to tackle health inequalities. It had four topics to patronage families to break the cycle of poverty, engaging communities and individuals to ensure relevance, responsiveness and sustainability as well as preventing illness and providing effective treatment and care culminating in addressing the underlying determinants of health.Tones and Tilford (2001) furthermore notes the reformation of the NHS by the Labour government to create a health service fit for the needs of 21st century Britain which is better, faster, more convenient service for patie nts that is fair and free to everyone.A variety of measures were introduced to improve quality of life in run down areas with a wrap of strategies to work towards quality homes for all. The New Labour implemented a policy of providing good housing in collaboration with the private sector in order to protect and meet the needs of the virtually vulnerable people (Naidoo and Willis (2001).Challenges that existsChallenges that exist in the public health sector are the current economic situation faced by the government which can spend a penny difficulty in securing funding. The other challenge is failure in arrest or valuing the work of public health professional which can antagonize their effectuality and generate a defensive culture and negatively affects their deterrent example a lack of defined standards for public health practice and a lack of clear accountability for health improvement.The shortage of some technical foul skills for example needs assessment, analysis and inter pretation of tuition, critical appraisal and executing skills limited number of eligible applicants sub-optimal working arrangements with local authorities manifesting in lack of consistency of local community plans and health plans. The other challenges are inadequacy of health as opposed to health service information systems and surveillance system for communicable and non-communicable disease. The other challenge is the difficulty in accessing public health evidence of promptly in a useable form duplication of activity, in marshalling epidemiological information and evidence of effectiveness of health broadcasts.Lastly limited partnership between academic and public health service departments limited pooling of resources and expertise between Health Boards and the NHS and other agencies and a lack of milestones by which to measure success (Review of the Public Health Function in Scotland, 2000).Part 2 Health initiative ( received deject)The writer has chosen to focus on curr ent Start which is a government programme aimed at delivering the best start in life for every child by bringing together early education, childcare, health and family support. The quest are responsible for delivering Sure Start at heart Department for Children, Schools and Families The early(a) Years, Extended Schools and Special Needs Group.Britain had the highest teenage pregnancy rate in Europe in the mid-1990s which led to the need of health promotion (UNICEF, 2001). In UK the Child Act, 2004 provides the legal underpinning childrens services set out by the government in the Green Paper in 2003, Every Child Matters as a Governments approach to the well being of children and young people aimed at giving all children the support they need to be healthy, stay safe, venerate and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well being which concurs with Ottawa Charter.The Childrens Plan (2007) was then published with a ten year strategy with aims to improve educati onal outcomes for children, improve childrens health, reduce anger rates among young people and eradicate children poverty by 2020 (DCFS, 2007). Health promotion works through concrete and effective community action in setting priorities, making decisions, planning strategies and implementing them to achieve better health (Ottawa Charter, 1986). For that reason the government therefore planned to deliver the best start for every child in bringing together early education, childcare, health and family support through Sure Start (Asthana and Halliday, 2006).Sure start is a public health approach that takes a population perspective, tackling causes of ill health and this is done by teaching mothers on breast feeding avoids lifestyles focus and its marginalisation of socio-economic and environmental checks on health which is in line with Saving Lives Our Healthier Nation (1999).The Department for Education and Skills (2000) set up Sure Starts core aims, targets and initiatives in thei r guidance document at the beginning of the programme (DES, 2000, pp. 1-2) were to improve health by accessing appropriate healthcare enable informed choices about continuing a pregnancy or not support teenage parents in caring for their children.Ewles (2006) support the idea that there is evidence to support the use of behaviour modification in conjunction with changes in caring for the vulnerable children and levels of activities readd in pre and post birth which concurs with the governments programme responding to Acheson report (1998) in Tackling Health Inequalities. This is seen by Beattie (1991) as heading domain of empowerment based on actual situation on community level.By promoting and protecting the health of pregnant and parenting teen mothers and their children Sure Start seem to be inline with Bradshaws taxonomy (1972) of health and social needs. Teenage parenthood is identified by Sure Start as both a cause and a consequence of social riddance (Social Exclusion Uni t, 1999) and this can be a normative need. Social Exclusion Unit (1999) also predicted the problems that involve a greater than average risk of being poor, unemployed and isolated. This is in accordance to the Acheson report (1998) which focuses on health inequalities and defines public health as the art and science of the prevention of disease and the promotion of health through the organised efforts of society.According to McLeod (2001) teenage mothers when compared to other mothers they have been seen as more likely to experience poverty and social deprivation and even in adult life, although these likelihoods might be a meaning of their deprived status relatively than of becoming a parent early per se (Ermisch and Pevalin, 2003). According to Bradshaw taxonomy this could be identified as a comparative need which concerns problems which emerge by comparison with others who are not in need. Furthermore he state that one of the most common uses of this approach is the comparison of social problems in different areas in order to determine which areas are most deprived.According to Social Exclusion Unit (1999) the government policy objective is to promote continuous learning among young people through Sure Start focusing on prevention of conceptions and secondly focussing on supporting teenage mothers in the main by measures to strongly encourage them to accomplish their education and keep in touch with the jobs market. This concurs with Naidoo and Willis (2001) who views public health as working together with others on shared programmes on the other glove to ensure that health promotion activities were achieved. Sure Start use collaboration, education and participatory approaches.Furthermore Dugan (1996) encourages public health practitioners to use participatory approach as a process that has rewarding cause and increases local endowment fund and capacity, provides flexibility and systematic process for people.Micklewright (2002) assets that seven out of thirteen indicators in the second annual statement on poverty and social exclusion connecting to children and young people are measures of education and gaining skills. educational approach enables health promoters to work with the community as partners giving guidance and not taking control but listening and taking their perspective on board.Educational approach expressed by Naidoo and Willis (2001) enriches the community with knowledge, information and developing skills that will enable them to make informed choices with regards to their health behaviour. Whereas community development aims at empowering people to work together to influence the social, economic, political and environmental issues that influence them (Naidoo and Willis, 2000). World Health Organization believed that people needed to hold some degree of control over their living and working conditions in order to develop lifestyles conducive to health (WHO, 1986). Ottawa Charter defines health promotion as the proce ss of enabling people to increase control over, and improve their health (WHO, 1986).In conclusion public health practitioners role is to influence and identify those factors that promote the health of the population and contributes to reducing health inequalities, and able to influence teams and organizations and valuing professional development. For health practitioners to work effectively, good and effective communication skills are required that enables them to use appropriate verbal and non verbal communication skills to deliver relevant information to various people. It is essential that studies are conducted that primarily focus on the whole range of public health roles within health practice with particular emphasis given to examine the effects of these roles on public health professionals, and the education and training that will be necessary for these roles.